Showing posts with label Lofoten. Show all posts

Thursday, December 31, 2015

The Kvens and the Voynich Manuscript

A brief history of the Kvens

Over a thousand years ago, the word Kvens (quain, qwaen, quen, cwen, fin, finn) meant to most western people the Finno-Ugric family of peoples who lived in the British Isles, Denmark and northern Germany until they merged with invading Celts and Goths from the east. The Kvens of Western and Central Europe are the people who disappeared from the map, but their name still lives in various forms between Scotland and Kainuu, Finland.

According to Scandinavian legend, in ancient times, the Finnish tribe called the Quen lived in the whole of Finland south of Sapmi. Kvens committed predatory raids on Sami territory and as a result on the Saami areas Kven villages formed up to the northern outskirts of the Gulf of Bothnia. The Gulf of Bothnia's coast was named Kainuu from these Kven villages. At first meant Kainuu meant the coast on both the Swedish and Finnish sides of the bay.
Comprehensive Historical Timeline

The Roman historian Tacitus (ca. 55-117) writes in his Germanica of the enigmatic Sithoni. Tacitus and Adam of Bremen (1070s) describe a country ruled by women: Terra Feminarum. Modern research identifies these as the Kvener. English King Alfred and his Norwegian columnist Ohthere (Ottar, about 890) gives a good description of their kingdom and its history. The value of Icelandic sagas as source material has varied, but their geographical value still holds even in terms of the country's historical location. Snorri Sturluson gave a different interpretation of Norway's founding in the saga Fundinn Noregr. He replaced the Odin myth royal fairy tale with the story about the fabulous kings of Kvenland, which in fact were the giants mentioned in Icelandic mythology. References in Finnish folk poetry to Pohja or Pohjola also mean Kainuu/Kvenland. (This is the land of Louhi, the Witch of the North, mistress of Pohjola, who features prominently in Finland's national epic, The Kalevala and is discussed in a blog post titled The Baba Yaga and dappled others.)

The former Kvenland was thus a unit in the early Baltic history and lay around the Bothnia bay. Kvenland belonged neither to Sweden or Finland, for back then there was no Sweden or Finland. The first threat to its existence came from Karelians and Novgorod from about the year 1100, and it seems that most of the former Kvenland came under Karelian supremacy during that time. There are several sources that account for Kvener cooperating with the Northmen against the Karelians, and others tell of Kvener in cooperation with the Karelians against the Northmen. Birger Jarl's genocide in Tavastland in the middle of the 13th century, known as the second crusade, was directed at the pavilions, which have been said to have been war against Karelians / Russians and sometimes allied themselves to the Swedish invasion, which was basically aimed at Novgorod. Birger Jarl's ravages of Häme was the preparation of the so-called Third Crusade against the already Christian Karelians, who enjoyed patronage in Novgorod. (The above introduction to the Kvens was excerpted from United by Water.)

~~~

Who knows? Doggerland may turn out to have been an important ancient seat of Kvenland, and maybe that's why the people themselves seem to have vanished. I would not be surprised if most of the Danish bog mummies were Kven pilgrims on the way to Lejre from Norway. I believe, also, the Kvens' instrument, the jouhikko, gave the Welsh their crwth and the Scots their gue, and the Kven skin boats gave the Celts their curachs and coracles. That is, I think the Kvens voyaged west and brought innovation with them.

~~~

Danish/Norwegian tax records from the 16th century already list some Kvens living in North Norway. Also, the famous map of Scandinavia by Olaus Magnus from 1539 shows a possible Kven settlement roughly in between today's Tromsø and Lofoten named "Berkara Qvenar". Kvens of this time are often connected to the birkarl organization in northern Sweden. In some early documents Kvens are also grouped together with the Sami people, who are the indigenous people of Central and Northern Norway. Wiki

Once the later migrations transpire, discerning early from late Kvens becomes impossible. Nevertheless, there is this report of Kven that may be from the Berkara Qvenar. Olaus Magnus knows sequences and thus they are in his Carta Marina (1539). Bureus mention in their atlases (1611, 1626) Cajania province, which coincides with the Finnish Ostrobothnia. Central European cartographic tradition (Tschudi, Herbenstein, about 1550) felt that Kayenskaja Zemlya, and Cayeni (kajaanit, kvener, kainuulaiset) has been under Russian rule, but conquered by Swedish kings. Cayeni lived according to him, both in northern Sweden and Ostrobothnia, ie Finnish Ostrobothnia. Tschudi also identifies Norrbotten Ostrobothnias north of the border and went under the peace treaty in Nöteborg (1323) just south of Pyhäjoki (in Petäoja). Several later European cartographers confuse fields and their positions here in the periphery of Europe, and Mercator (late 1500s) and others place Kayenskaja Zemlya in the Arctic Ocean. United by Water

Olaus Magnus - http://www.npm.ac.uk/rsdas/projects/carta_marina/ "Carta Marina satellite images"

Carta marina, a wallmap of w:Scandinavia, by Olaus Magnus. The caption reads : Marine map and Description of the Northern Lands and of their Marvels, most carefully drawn up at Venice in the year 1539 through the generous assistance of the Most Honourable Lord Hieronymo Quirino.

A - Tromso

B - Maelstrom

C - Lofoten

D - Possible Kven settlement - Berkara Qvenar

E - Some devilish little dude sweeping the floor. What does he stand for?

F - An island with mound houses similar to those found in Greenland and nowhere else on this map. Why are they also here?

G - A couple on skis practicing archery. This is a remarkably egalitarian depiction of a woman in the 16th century.

By contrast, Francesco Primaticcio painted this in roughly the same year. It's Helen again, getting raped.

While speaking along the lines of gender specifically, Kvens appear to have been by necessity extraordinarily egalitarian as opposed to their southern counterparts, giving rise to tales of northern amazon tribes, yet along ethnographic lines they appear not to have been egalitarian at all, for as noted elsewhere, they enslaved and taxed the Sami people as egregiously as did any later Norseman. Gunnloth from Snorri's account, who guarded the mead of the Scalds (poetry), may originally have been a Kven from Kven myth, and her uncle, Baugi, a birkarl owning nine Sami, the slaves who killed each other for the whetstone. In the tale, Odin himself Bolverk. Compare this to words such as Boiorix ("king of the Boii", one of the chieftains of the Cimbri) and Boiodurum ("gate/fort of the Boii", modern Passau) in Germany and the modern regional names of Bohemia (Boiohaemum), a mixed-language form from boio- and Proto-Germanic *haimaz, "home": "home of the Boii," and 'Bayern', Bavaria, which is derived from the Germanic Baiovarii tribe (Germ. *baio-warioz: the first component is most plausibly explained as a Germanic version of Boii; the second part is a common formational morpheme of Germanic tribal names, meaning 'dwellers', as in Anglo-Saxon -ware); this combination "Boii-dwellers" may have meant "those who dwell where the Boii formerly dwelt".

According to Strabo, writing two centuries after the Gallic invasion of north Italy in around 350 BC, rather than being destroyed by the Romans like their Celtic neighbours,

"the Boii were merely driven out of the regions they occupied; and after migrating to the regions round about the Ister, lived with the Taurisci, and carried on war against the Daci until they perished, tribe and all — and thus they left their country, which was a part of Illyria, to their neighbours as a pasture-ground for sheep."

Thus we may have in this myth an ancient tale of cultural appropriation not first by a conqueror but by a wanderer of a lost tribe, himself abducted by the Kvens and set to labor among the Sami, who either escapes later or is released and eventually makes himself the hero of a tale about how he acquired (stole) from the Kvens the art of poetry. Many tales within Norse and Finnish mythology bear marks of an earlier origin and different telling, a thing that scholars of these texts have been repeatedly faced with and forced to explain, one egregious example being the lifting of the sea deity Nerthus from a north German tribe and making her Njorth.

The Birkarls

Birkarls (birkarlar in Swedish, unhistorical pirkkamiehet or pirkkalaiset in Finnish; bircharlaboa, bergcharl etc. in historical sources) were a small, unofficially organized Finnish group that controlled taxing and commerce in central Lappmarken in Sweden during the 13th to 17th centuries.

The most probable assumption is that Birkarls were originally Finnish traders mainly from historical Tavastia. King Magnus III Birgersson is traditionally claimed to have granted their privileges to control the trade and taxes in the north in the later half of the 13th century, possibly just legalizing an already existing situation. Birkarls (bircharlaboa) are first mentioned in 1328, when they are listed as one of the settler groups in northern Hälsingland that covered the western coast of Gulf of Bothnia all the way up and around the gulf to Oulu River.

The main purpose of the birkarl organization was to control the trade with Sami people and tax them. Sami people were traditionally taxed by Norwegians already in the Viking Age or even earlier. Later Russians started to tax them as well. After having southern Finland under control around 1250, Sweden became interested in the situation in the north. Eventually, some Sami people paid taxes to all three states. Birkarls were just one element in the colonial system taking benefit of the Sami area.

It seems that birkarls' privileges were more de facto, than de jure. No document has survived granting them official right to the tax and trade monopoly in the north, even though the state first supported and later tolerated the situation for centuries.

In practise, a birkarl owned the Sami people on his area, and they were treated as if they were property. Privileges to own Sami people usually went in the family. Later, birkarl privileges became merchandise as well.

Birkarls were active on Tornio, Luleå and Piteå River valleys, Tornio being their main area. Each of the valleys formed a separate "lappmark" with its own birkarls.

It is often speculated in Finland that ancient Kvens which are mentioned in some Norwegian and Icelandic sources in the early Middle Ages, were an organization similar to birkarls. According to this theory, "Kvenland" would have then been the same area where birkarls later operated. The very small number of birkarls makes this connection unlikely. Swedish sources also mention birkarls to be settlers in their area of operation still in the early 14th century whereas Kvenland is mentioned to be a land comparable to Sweden and Norway already in the Viking Age.

It is however likely, that northern Norwegians generally called birkarl traders as "Kvens" in the Middle Ages and later. Olaus Magnus mentions both of the terms in his publication Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus ("A Description of the Northern Peoples") from 1555 CE. Those Finnish traders that went from Tornio to Norway, are told to have been called "Kvens".

Whatever the case, most of the Kven minority in present-day northern Norway has immigrated from the same area on which birkarls were active. Wiki

The author of the wiki article does not take into account that Kven society was made up of two widely disparate occupations: the far-ranging traders who by and large were men and the women who by and large were the rulers and administrators of the land (Kvens as seafaring traders first and foremost and women as rulers on land come from insights shared with me by researcher Andres Paabo, who has conducted a mountain of work on prehistoric seafaring traders all over the world. I recommend his website: Uirala http://www.paabo.ca/uirala/uiralamenu.html).

This helps to explain some things:

How Kvens could be so influential as to rule isles in Scotland and yet later appear to have so few land holdings in Scandinavia
How Kvens appeared to vanish suddenly, with no evidence of calamity. We read in the legends of very powerful wily queens or their beautiful daughters being wooed. We hear nothing of what happened to their men. Plague? Storms? War? Conversion? Famine? Slavery? Or simply the lure of other lands? Perhaps all of these to some extent.
How an entire people may be given a title according to an outsider's perspective and reality be more complex than first glance.

At any rate, the tax collection and other administrative duties of the birkarls most likely often fell on the shoulders of the women as well. A later post in this blog will shed light on a host of Nordic women of mixed ancestry who owned and managed sometimes vast tracts of land during the 15th century, proving that to some extent the Kven birkarls in fact did not die out at all but rather when it came into vogue to cancel out, wholesale, any significance women may hold--past, present, or future in the annals of history, be it medical, legal, political, or religious, any remnant trace of the Kvens fell into oblivion with their story. Hence, her story of where she came from mattered far less than his of how she was won.

The word "Kven" and its etymological connection to the female sex

cwen - a noun for woman

Old English From Proto-Germanic *kwēniz ‎(“woman, wife”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn. Cognate with Old Saxon quān, Old Norse kvæn, Gothic qens. The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γυνή ‎(gunḗ), (Greek γυναίκα ‎(gynaíka)), Proto-Slavic *žena (Old Church Slavonic жена ‎(žena), Russian жена ‎(žena)), Old Irish ben (Welsh benyw), and Albanian zonjë.

Seo clæneste cwen ofer eorþan: the purest woman on earth.

wife

queen

Aðelwulf cyng Carles dohtor hæfde to cwene: King Athelwulf took Charles's daughter as his queen.

nominative cwēn cwēne, cwēna

accusative cwēn, cwēne cwēne, cwēna

genitive cwēne cwēna

dative cwēne cwēnum

cwene (woman, wife, prostitute)

Middle English quene

Modern English queen

English: quean

Danish: kvinde

Norwegian: kvinne

Swedish: kvinna

The Kven Language (Kainun Kieli)

The Kven language is a Finnic language spoken in northern Norway by the Kven people. For political and historical reasons, it received the status of a minority language in 2005 within the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Linguistically, however, it is seen as a mutually intelligible dialect of the Finnish language, and grouped together with the Peräpohjola dialects such as Meänkieli, spoken in Torne Valley in Sweden.

Kven dialects include: Lyngen, Nordreisa, Kvænangen, Alta, Porsanger, Tana, Nord-Varanger, Sør-Varanger.

Contrary to popular belief, the dialects spoken by the Kvens and Kainuu peoples are not closely related. The Kainuu dialect is one of the Savonian dialects that was formed from the 16th century onwards, when immigrants from Savonia started to settle in the northern wastelands.

The Kven language has come to incorporate many Norwegian loanwords, such as tyskäläinen (from the Norwegian word tysk, meaning German) instead of standard Finnish saksalainen. The Kven language also uses some old Finnish words that are no longer used in Finland.

Like the old Kven tongue, Voynichese is FENNO-NORSE.

The Voynich manuscript may in fact be written in the old Kven tongue. It is looking very, very likely. Interestingly, numerous early Germanic words have survived largely unchanged as borrowings in Finnic languages. Some of these may be of Proto-Germanic origin or older still, while others reflect developments specific to Norse. Some examples (with the reconstructed Proto-Norse form):

Estonian/Finnish kuningas < *kuningaz "king" (Old Norse kunungr, konungr)
Finnish ruhtinas "prince" < *druhtinaz "lord" (Old Norse dróttinn)
Finnish sairas "sick" < *sairaz "sore" (Old Norse sárr)
Estonian juust, Finnish juusto "cheese" < *justaz (Old Norse ostr)
Estonian/Finnish lammas "sheep" < *lambaz "lamb" (Old Norse lamb)
Finnish hurskas "pious" < *hurskaz "prudent, wise, quick-minded" (Old Norse horskr)
Finnish runo "poem, rune" < *rūno "secret, mystery, rune" (Old Norse rún)
Finnish vaate "garment" < *wādiz (Old Norse váð)
Finnish viisas "wise" < *wīsaz (Old Norse víss)

The old Kven language in its original form has in part vanished and in part it has greatly contributed to and has assimilated with other Fennoscandian languages.

And what happened to Old Norse?

Around 1350 the Black Death ravaged Norway which weakened the country and the population was greatly reduced. The upper class were those who were literate in the country. They became extinct, as did much of the art of writing forvant and resources of cultural life were gone. Swedish, Danish and northern German nobles intermarried into the remains of the Norwegian share which made it foreigners who took over much of the power in Norway. Original literature regarding the Norwegians was no longer written, only literature regarding administration and trade. When Norway came under Danish rule, the language disappeared altogether.

Well...yes and no. Its roots survive everywhere in Norwegian and other Nordic languages.

Introduction

Voynich Rosette Map Records An Ancient Pilgrimage

The Context for the Voynich Manuscript

The Rites of the Hidden

Spinning, Hulda, and the Voynich

The Huldra/Hiisi and the Voynich Manuscript

Terra Feminarum and the Venusbergs

The Baba Yaga and dappled others

The Beauties of Bad Press

Monday, June 8, 2015

The Huldra/Hiisi and the Voynich Manuscript

Past time for a change in perspective

By now a fair amount of people understand that the Old Norse word víkingr denoted not a nationality, but an occupation: a Viking was anyone who took part in an overseas expedition.

Even so, the term "Viking" is very often used to cover all sorts of artifacts that in fact may simply be from

Punkva, Czech Republic

northern people who existed during the age of the viking expeditions. When we think of a northern woman during this time, we might gravitate toward the image of shield maidens, thanks to the media, because, let's face it, the postmodern male will pay handsomely for such graphics that are both sexy and kickass. And certainly, evidence for shield maidens exists.

But I think classicism as a whole has skewed our perspective miserably on the mythopoeic cosmos that was the playing field for the vast amount of north Europeans up until the late 16th century. We fall back on talk of Pan, Dionysus, Sybils, etc., when in fact it's entirely the wrong vocabulary and as much a bad habit as "Viking"-izing everything coming from the north in the Middle Ages. This leads to an over-simplification of the cultural forces at play in the North lands and furthermore almost entirely nixes an already elusive strain of cultural tradition that can be traced to very ancient times.

It could very well be that warriorhood, while certainly a part of life, was very much seen as a subcontext of the whole and that the main engine that ran the vehicle of Nordic life was in fact somewhere entirely elsewhere--that we've thrown a classical lens up, emphasizing one aspect of their world while wholly missing the boat on the root and crux of it.

Try to imagine a world in which all things Viking are simply a subdivision of that vaster world, and more toward the head isn't Thor or even Odin but the demagogue who spins out, pulls along, weaves, and snips their strings. It's why their world, they knew, had an end, and why there was an entity outside of their world who could tell them the end of it. Some people are not going to like that interpretation, but it is useful to remember that in the Völuspá a so-called god is being hushed.

According to many myths told around the world, in the past women used to be disguised as spirits to control

men. Then the men discovered the masquerade and in turn threatened the women as spirits. According to the men, the women never learned that the masked males were not truly spirits, but that was the big secret to be found out at a male's initiation rite:
The Old Man pops open a Beck's, says, "Welp, Junior, the boogie-man scaring the Hell out of your mother and sister is me," haves a good laugh with him; Junior's a man now. A more scholastic example of such a male initiation ceremony is described at the bottom of this post. Very old story, very prevalent. But what's going on from the woman's perspective? What happens when Mom gets fed up? Or Sis? Most women throughout history probably did not want to be big-bosomed, kickass shield-maidens or sex-slaves or chess pieces. They actually probably now and again wanted peace and quiet and a thought or two put behind the actions of men. They may even never have abandoned seeking out a secluded place or two where they could get on with the business of culture: pass on their own knowledge to one another, sing among themselves, tell their stories, paint the walls, come up with inventions like the loom, the flute, the quern, the pot, other necessities of life...

This could be why deep in the recesses of caves you will find art on the walls and they, it has been discovered recently, were most likely made by women.

Of course this is all a gross oversimplification of actual history, but there's a gist to it, and what's more, and utterly fascinating is that there's evidence that women did precisely that--they hid out. It was common enough not to be an anomaly but rather something of a tradition--an accepted fact, and they were good at it.

Various types of past female utopias have been constructed by scholars like Gimbutas, Eisler, Stone, Mor, Sjoo, and Dashu--epochs, whole civilizations where and when "once somehow we got it right though now somehow we lost it," or so the refrain goes. Perhaps to some extent some cultures did grant more freedom and power to higher ranking women than the rest of the world at the time, especially the classical world--Greece, Rome, the Levant, which, you know, if you think about it, isn't really saying that much. We got a sky god swooping down as various animals and raping girls and as his punishment they get turned into stuff by his wife. See that little flower over there? Well there was this pretty little maid and the god Blah-Blah.... We teach these stories in our universities and call them high-brow.

I find them sick.

Anywhere these cultures have touched you're bound to dig up some pretty brutal misogyny, which is going on...still. Adoring his mother and revering the Virgin Mary appears to have done little to stop a man from beating "his" wife, which has been seen as his right, even his duty, to do, in some pockets of the world, still is. Up to the 17th century in Britain, you could even sell your wife. That is, if she survived childbirth, witch hunts, plague, and no washing machine. Until Catholicism and then the Restoration swept through Fennoscandia, those women did fare better than their southern sisters. Various shades of egalitarianism existed. The mere fact that Finnish women owned their own boats should cause anyone to just pause and consider: we're talking having your own wheels in the fifteenth century. That's big.

A map created by Olaus Magnus in 1539 shows a possible Kven settlement in northern Norway - Berkara Qvenap. Nearby is this couple.

If he was a world-class trader, perhaps she was a world-class administrator. Perhaps these were occupations as real as that of any Viking, but far more quiet, far less heard of, and curiously far less celebrated. The great epics of the North lands have as central themes wooing savvy, beautiful, not-easy-to-impress women of a different but indigenous tribe and going to such women for wisdom. She's everywhere in the tales and yet at the same time apart and inaccessible.

The Huldra as a professional escape artist is an ancient theme. She spans epochs and continents. She calls the shots, and if she can't, she disappears underground until she can. It's called survival. She's wily like that, which is why it's so hard to catch up with her. Even her name means hidden. Dylan Thomas speaks of "the force that through the green fuse drives the flower." She's that force and the green fuse her tool (read Tannhäuser, Eric of Pomerania, Dvergatals, leeks, or the Dønna stones...), and indeed, there was a whole following devoted to her, which to this day resists a precise name, so let's just say the Huldra (or if you're Finnish, Hiisi).

In Lore

The Huldra is a figure found in Scandinavian folklore, including Norwegian Swedish, and Sámi. In Norwegian, they are known as skogsfru, or skovfrue, meaning “Lady of the Forest”. In Swedish they are known as skogsra, “forest spirit” or Tallemaja, “pine tree Mary”. They are often referred to as Ulda in Sámi. Their male counterpart is known as a huldu, or huldrekarl in Norwegian.

Both the male huldrekarl, and female huldra, are forest and mountain dwelling creatures, that take the form of tall, very beautiful humans with long, flowing hair. Their backs are hollow, like a rotting tree trunk, and they often have animal-like tails. They may appear nude in their most basic form, or disguise themselves and hide among humans, masquerading as farm maidens. If a human manages to somehow see their back or tail, the spell is broken, and the human is no longer susceptible to the huldra or huldrekarl’s advances.

Tales of huldra and huldrekarl tell of them using their beautiful appearance, and seductive charm to lure young men and women back to their caves, or subterranean homes, where they may be kept a slaves, lovers, or worse - depending on the tale. Sometimes the humans are released, but are cursed with the constant temptation to return to their captor. Other tales describe them getting married to humans, losing their tails, and becoming human themselves - but retaining their magic.

Some huldra or huldrekarl are inherently deceptive, and evil, but many respond to the treatment they receive.

If treated kindly, they have been known to use their magic to help humans, and solve their problems. If treated unkindly, they can be hateful, and vengeful.

The Huldra, Hylda, Skogsrå or Skogfru (Forest wife/woman) as a dangerous seductress who lives in the forest is said to lure men down into endless cave systems, that they would not be able to find their way out from, or lure them into the forest in order to secure her freedom or sometimes to suck the life out of a man. One of her methods is to appear suddenly out of the rain and mist, friendly and enticing to the point that no man can resist her charm. She has a long cow's tail that she ties under her skirt in order to hide it from men.

If she can manage to get married in a church, her tail falls off and she becomes human. However, she also becomes very ugly. It is often said, however, that the young and beautiful Huldra is moody and dangerous, but when she becomes old and ugly, she also becomes gentle and caring to the man who made her Christian.

She has an aquatic counterpart called "havsfrun" or "Havsrå" (sea wife/woman) who is very similar to the Sirens Odysseus meets in The Odyssey.

In Iceland

Huldufólk (Icelandic hidden people from huldu- "pertaining to secrecy" and fólk "people", "folk") are elves in Icelandic folklore. Building projects in Iceland are sometimes altered to prevent damaging the rocks where they are believed to live. According to these Icelandic folk beliefs, one should never throw stones because of the possibility of hitting the huldufólk.

President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson has explained the existence of huldufólk tales by saying: "Icelanders are few in number, so in the old times we doubled our population with tales of elves and fairies."

They are also a part of folklore in the Faroe Islands. In Faroese folk tales, Huldufólk are said to be "large in build, their clothes are all grey, and their hair black. Their dwellings are in mounds, and they are also called Elves." They also dislike crosses, churches and electricity.

There are four Icelandic holidays considered to have a special connection with hidden people: New Year's Eve, Twelfth Night (January 6), Midsummer Night and Christmas night. Elf bonfires (álfabrennur) are a common part of the holiday festivities on Twelfth Night (January 6). There are many Icelandic folktales about elves and hidden people invading Icelandic farmhouses during Christmas and holding wild parties. It is customary in Iceland to clean the house before Christmas, and to leave food for the huldufólk on Christmas. On New Year's Eve, it is believed that the elves move to new locations, and Icelanders leave candles to help them find their way. On Midsummer Night, folklore states that if you sit at a crossroads, elves will attempt to seduce you with food and gifts; there are grave consequences for being seduced by their offers, but great rewards for resisting.

Michael Strmiska writes: "The Huldufólk are... not so much supernatural as ultranatural, representing not an overcoming of nature in the hope of a better deal beyond but a deep reverence for the land and the mysterious powers able to cause fertility or famine."

Anthropologist Jón Haukur Ingimundarson claimed that huldufólk tales told by 19th century Icelandic women were a reflection of how only 47% of women were married, and "sisters often found themselves relegated to very different functions and levels of status in society... the vast majority of Icelandic girls were shunted into supporting roles in the household." He goes on to say that these stories justified the differences in role and status between sisters, and "inculcated in young girls the... stoic adage never to despair, which was a psychological preparedness many would need as they found themselves reduced in status and denied the proper outlet for their sexuality in marriage, thereby sometimes having to rely on infanticide to take care of the unsolicited and insupportable effects of their occasional amours, an element... related in huldufólk stories."

In Nordic Names - excerpt from www.nordicnames.de

Old Norse

1) hulda = 'hiding, secrecy'
1) hylja = 'to hide, cover'
2) hollr = 'faithful, loyal, gracious'

Gothic

1) huljan = 'to hide, cover'
2) hulþ-s = 'lovely, faithful, reliable, loyal'
Old High German
1) hullen = 'to hide, cover'
2) hold = 'lovely, faithful, reliable, loyal'

Old Saxon

1) hullian = 'to hide, cover'
2) hold = 'lovely, faithful, reliable, loyal'

Old Frisian

1) hella = 'to hide, cover'
2) hold = 'lovely, faithful, reliable, loyal'

Old English

1) hyllan = 'to hide, cover'
2) hold = 'lovely, faithful, reliable, loyal'

Swedish

2) huld = 'lovely, delightful'

Related Names

See Hulda and Holtti

Combinations
Name
Element Example
BORG    see Huldeborg
DIS    see Hulddís
GUD    see Gotthold (German)
HER    see Huldar
JUL    see Júlíhuld
RAGN    see Reinhold (German)
RIK    see Huldrika
RUN   see Huldrún

First Element Forms

Huld- Hulde-

Last Element Forms

-hold -holdt -holt -holtti
-huld

References

Ferdinand Holthausen: Vergleichendes und Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altwestnordischen (1948)
Leiv Heggstad, Finn Hødnebø og Erik Simensen: Norrøn Ordbok (1997)
Roland Otterbjörk: Svenska förnamn (1979)
Elias Wessén: Våra ord (1997)
Kristoffer Kruken og Ola Stemshaug: Norsk Personnamnleksikon (1995)

Where, Specifically

Fertility cults were common throughout Europe in pre-Christian times, and Norway also still has signs of them.

Tacitus called them the Sitones. Adam von Bremen called them northern Amazons who resided in "The Land of Women." Scholars like to say there was a mix-up with the word "Kvenland," ancient scribes taking the name too literally as meaning women. But upon further study, the evidence mounts that, no, it's not a mistake or a flight of fancy. There really was a land of women, once extensive, and in later years shrinking, receding, getting more and more elusive, until it all but entered myth. The focal point of this land appears to have been Lofoten. Doggerland might have been included in the realm's range. Certainly Orkney and the Shetlands were, and other places in the British Isles. Indeed, the Huldra by various names were throughout Europe, for example, Great Britain's shell grotto of Margate. We don't know them on their own terms and may never know them on their own terms, though the Voynich manuscript should help, as well as studying the cradle of their belief systems, which may be found in the Perm and may also have been influenced by the Scythians.

Hell is a manuscript you can begin to read and yet remain baffled by what in creation they're doing.
Hell is also in Norway, a little north of Trondheim.

If ever you do go hiking deep in the wilderness and stumble across a grotto with lots of intricate, circular, reticulated patterning, sun-swirls, eight-pointed stars, cave entrances, streams flowing as if into and out of the rock, spoons, stone phalluses (scads of them), wittily-named gnomey dwarves carved to resemble that self-same adored shape, implements for spinning like distaffs and drop spindles, a quern motif, a little celebrated lizard or snake, a strange wee roly-poly/pangolin/water vole beastie that could be the Para, a shang-hai'ed musical young man who's a little pale from being kept inside a mountain and milked of his seed, little coracle-like vehicles that seem to fly with the lick of a broomstick, possibly the thunderous sound of water drumming, and you spot some naked women with head-dresses, long single braids down the back, chanting loud and nonlinear songs in a trochaic cadence, then welp, it's too late for you. You are among the Huldra.